Single Neuron Character Recognition Essay - 1379 Words

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Character Recognition – Single Neuron WRCI 411 – Assignment 1 RXXXXX XXXXXX - 2100XXXX August 2013 RXXXXX XXXXXX – s2100XXXX WRCI 411 – Assignment 1 August 2013 Contents List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................................ 1 Figures ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Tables .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Theory†¦show more content†¦The output is based on a function, usually a step function or sigmoid function (basically a rounded or differentiable step function). The neuron should output a 0 until it ‘fires’ when it should output a 1. This allows it to be used as a logic function. For this case the neuron should fire for only one letter/character (and an interfered equivalent) and for all other possible cases it should not fire. The strength of a neural network is that it can ‘learn’ or be ‘taught’ a pattern and recognise this pattern. From this it should be able to make decisions for cases it has not seen before. There are many methods for teaching a neuron, most relying on derivation to find the slope of the so-called weight-space (some rely on brute-force, but these are seldom used). The basic Gradient Decent rule acts on the slope of the weight-space and will be used for this report. Method Teaching The code was written in m-code and implemented by MathWorks Matlab R2011a. The artificial neuron is taught by manipulating the values of the elements in the weight matrix (W in the code) until the error in the output matrix (from the dot product of the teaching set (X) and W) is lower than a set number (0.005). This is achieved with a while loop. Within the while loop is another while loop which loops another error checking loop though each of the vectors of the X matrix. The code edits each of the elements of the W matrix by using the equation: = − ÃŽ · − †² Represented inShow MoreRelatedWhat Is A Neural Network?1466 Words   |  6 Pagesshort in areas like facial recognition and pattern prediction. Computer scientists have made strides in lessening the gap of intelligence between computers and humans, working on several types of programs, referred to as artificial intelligence, to enhance the way computers work and â€Å"think.† One type of AI called an Artificial Neural Network (commonly referred to as either ANN or â€Å"neural net† for short). A neural network is a program that simulates the way a brain’s neurons work to make decisions andRead MoreEssay On Brain Technology1720 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween neurons. Unlike other learning algorithms like backpropagation which considers error as a significant factor in learning and updating of weight parameter across different layers of a network, STDP updates the synaptic connection of the network weight (i.e. weight strengthening or weakening) based on the change in time between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron. Studies show that potentiation (increase in connection strength) occurs if a presynaptic neuron fire before postsynaptic neuron otherwiseRead MoreDesign And Performance Analysis Of And Gate Using Synaptic Inputs For Neural Network Application1762 Words   |  8 Pagesdesign and integrate as a chip. With advent of vision and method in neural network, the intricacy can be clear alongside this knowledge to a remarkable extent. The intention of this paper is to focus on how to design a perceptron that is nothing but a single layer feed forward neural network to purpose as an AND gate and to examine its performance. Firstly, the background of neural network basics is reviewed. Then, the neural network toolbox in MatLAB ® is delineated for training, validating and assessingRead MoreThe Cause Of The Problem In The University Campus Network1095 Words   |  5 Pagesthe problem in our University Campus network had to do with security issues and network overload, delays were introduced during packet transactions. The network was built on a flat architecture where every node in the whole network communicates on a single channel. The Campus Lab network had one broadcast domain, and every connection experienced a problem listening to unnecessary communication. I began to ask myself the possible approach and solutions to suggest to avoid such big mess in the networkRead More Artificial Intelligence (AI) Essay2798 Words   |  12 Pages current t echnologies in both speech recognition and handwriting recognition are likely ready for mass integration into financial institutions. RESEARCH PROJECT TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Purpose 1 Source of Information 1 Authorization 1 Overview 2 T he First Steps 3 Computer-Synthesized Senses 4 Visual Recognition 4 Current Research 5 Computer-Aided Voice Recognition 6 Current Applications 7 Optical Character Recognition 8 Conclusion 9 Recommendations 10Read MoreFuzzy Logic Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pageslogic to decipher the written text into a chosen computer font. Its an ingenious idea when you take into account the billions of different styles of handwriting. The computer takes in the written information and applies the logic to find which character is the closest match. The need for Fuzzy logic is growing with advancements in robotics and artificial intelligence. Fuzzy CLIPS is an extension of the CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) expert system shell from NASA. It was developedRead Moreworking memory18399 Words   |  74 Pageson the number of items that can be simultaneously held in short-term storage, the definition of an â€Å"item† is highly flexible, and subject to manipulation. Specifically, Miller (1956) suggested that single items can be grouped into higher level units of organization he called chunks. Thus, three single digits could be chunked together into one three-digit unit: 3 1 4 becomes 314. What determines how much information can be chunked together? Miller suggested that chunking might be governed by meaningfulnessRead MoreExploring The Possibilities Of Discovering The Neural Correlates Of Visual Consciousness2010 Words   |  9 Pagesthe associated subjective experience follows (Chalmers, 2013). Thus, this essay will demonstrate that it is plausible that the minimal brain processes necessary for a conscious percept can be experimentally narrowed down to a smaller coalition of neurons. Understandably, the complexity of the cortical system that is yet to be fully deciphered, along with the technological difficulties in obtaining essential data has hindered the search for the NCCs and have lead some to doubt the possibility of everRead MoreGenetic Identity Of The Individual2048 Words   |  9 PagesGenetic Identity of the Individual Individuality is the quality or character of a particular subject that distinguishes that subject from others of the same kind. Every individual searches for and cherishes their individuality, their identity, their unique role in the world. Humans are some of the most socially and psychologically complex organisms in the world; global diversity and individual uniqueness are a product of that complexity. Professional sociologists have long debated the powerRead MoreFrom actions to empathy and morality9042 Words   |  37 PagesFebruary 2010 Available online 16 September 2010 Keywords: Mirror neuron system Limbic system Emotion Empathy Morality Neuroimaging a b s t r a c t Our culturally varied, complex social world, governed by unwritten moral codes that encourage afï ¬ liative helping behavior, may be subserved by the unique properties of a neural system for understanding the intentions and actions of others. The ï ¬ ring pattern of neurons within this system appears to ‘mirror’ an action performed and seen,

The Practice Of Music And Enables Artists And Guest Curators

Preface Introduction Have you ever rushed around Newcastle, totally preoccupied with the hectic hustle and bustle of city life? Passersby are often too busy or late for something to really take in their surroundings. The practice of busking has given Newcastle a soundtrack, a musical backdrop to the chaos of city life. However, street performers are often restricted to limited areas in order to oblige the regulations set out by the council. This book introduces the aim of the project whereas to promote the practice of music and enables artists and guest curators to explore their creativity while participating and engaging with music. A platform provided to become the mass populist entertainment for the population. Speaking of music†¦show more content†¦The lack of interesting places for concert has affected people to have less interest in visiting music spaces and there should be a suitable one for the use, enjoyment and also benefit the people of this vibrant city. It may not be the ultimate music space, but the premise of this project is to unite musicians with supported facilities and give them the opportunity to promote their own music. Audiences will be offered with a fully immersive ambience and a complete program of professional cultural entertainment. The book will demonstrate the intention of creating the music hall through its position first and foremost as an entertainment, and secondly as a cultural presence that is increasingly seen as a key element in regeneration plans.3 Nature of Subject / Topics A lot of people’s perception of buskers is both brutally frank and ironic despite this artistic practice has always been as part of the contribution to this culture. They are far less appreciative of these performances that are carried out with a genre which they could never normally encounter. In consideration of the addressed matter, the music hall services as a stage that nurtures homegrown talent and accommodates wandering players. Given a few successful real life examples showing that there are indeed some of the world’s most famous artists started as street performers, from

Red Pada and Red Fox Free Essays

The Red Panda comes from the family of Ailuridae and its scientific name is Ailurus Fulgens. The Red Fox, whose scientific name is Vulpes Vulpes, is from the Canidae family. They are both mammals and are the same size. We will write a custom essay sample on Red Pada and Red Fox or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the Red Panda and the Red Fox share similarities and differences in their appearance, habitat, diet, behaviour, reproduction and status of population. First of all, the Red Panda and the Red Fox are quite similar but a little different in their appearance. Like the Red Fox, the Red Panda has four legs, two ears, a black nose and two eyes at the side of their heads.They also have a long bushy tails with which they keep themselves warm, like a cover, in winter. The Red Panda looks like a cat, while the Red Fox looks like a dog. The main colour of the fur of these two animals is red. The Red Panda has while fur on its cheeks, around its eyes, and has black fur from its neck to its feet. In contrast, the Red Fox has while fur from its neck to its stomach and has black fur on its ears. There are both similarities and difference in their habitat. The Red fox and the Red Panda can both be found in the forest.But the Red Panda lives in temperature bamboo forests in northeast Asia, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar and Eastern Himalaya mountain at 1500-4000m above sea level. While the Red Fox lives around the world in many kinds of environments such as forests, grasslands, mountains and deserts. Most of the Red Foxes are found in the United States , Canada, Asia and Europe. The Red Panda sleeps in trees, whereas the Red Fox sleeps in dens. The next similarities and differences of them are in their diet.Both the Red Panda and the Red Fox eat many kinds of food, such as fruit, insects, bird’s egg, small birds and rodents. The main food of the Red Panda is bamboo leaves and young bamboo, while the favourite food of the Red Fox is rodents. In terms of behaviour they are somewhat similar, but there are also some differences. They are both solitary animals, expect when they have a partner. The Red Panda is a excellent tree climbers. While the Red Fox hears very well and run with speed up to 48 km/h. Besides, the Red Fox like play with its prey before kill them.Finally, they are also similar but different in the way they reproduce. The Red Panda has a gestation period about 130 days, and its cub lives with it for one year. On the other hand, the Red Fox has a gestation period less than two months, and its cub leaves its mother after seven months. Both animals give babies although different gestation period. In conclusion, there are both similarities and differences between these two animals. They are share some similarities and differences in factor of them. The Red Panda is endangered species, while the Red Fox’s population are stable. How to cite Red Pada and Red Fox, Papers

Birthday Order Essay Research Paper subject free essay sample

Birthday Order Essay, Research Paper capable = psychological science rubric = Birth Order documents = Does birth order have an consequence on personality? Does being first born make people more responsible? If person is the in-between born kid, are they traveling to be more rebellious? If people are last Borns are they more likely to be on telecasting? Are foremost born kids inconsiderate and selfish or dependable and extremely motivated? These, and many other inquiries are being exhaustively studied by psychologists ( Harrigan, 1992 ) . In 1923, the celebrated head-shrinker Dr. Alfred Adler, wrote that a individual # 8217 ; s place in the household leaves an undeniable # 8220 ; stamp # 8221 ; on his or her # 8220 ; manner of life # 8221 ; ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . Research has shown that birth order does so impact a kid ; nevertheless, it does non automatically shape personality. If it did, life would be much more predictable and a great trade less interesting ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . Yogi Bera, a celebrated baseball participant, said # 8220 ; Every now and so a newsman who thinks he is Freud asks me if being the youngest is why I made it ( playing professional baseball ) . I about alw ays say yes, but I don # 8217 ; t believe it had anything to make with it # 8221 ; ( Harrigan, 1992 ) . Birth order doesn # 8217 ; t explicate everything about human behaviour. Personality is affected by many different factors, such as heredity, household size, the spacing and sex of siblings, instruction, and upbringing. However, there is an atrocious batch of research and field old # 8220 ; jurisprudence of norms # 8221 ; back uping the affect of birth order on personality ( Leman, 1985 ) . There are four basic categorizations of birth order: the oldest, the merely, the center, and the youngest. Each has its ain set of advantages, every bit good as its ain set of disadvantages. While the birth order factor International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t ever demand, it does give many hints about why people are the manner they are ( Leman, 1985 ) . If there is one word that describes foremost born kids it would be # 8220 ; perfectionist # 8221 ; ( Harrigan, 1992 ) . First born kids be given to be high winners in whatever they do. Some traits customarily used to label foremost born kids include dependable, painstaking, list shaper, good organized, critical, serious, scholarly ( Leman, 1985 ) , self-confident, good leading ability, eager to delight, and fostering ( Brazelton, 1994 ) . Besides, foremost born kids seem to hold a heightened sense of right and incorrect. It is common in most books about birth order that first born kids get more imperativeness than merely, in-between, and youngest kids. This can be explained by the fact that the first born kid is typically the success narrative in the household. They are the 1s that are highly driven to win in # 8220 ; high accomplishment # 8221 ; Fieldss such as scientific discipline, medical specialty, or jurisprudence ( Leman, 1985 ) . For illustration, of the first 23 spacemans sent into outer infinite, 21 were first born or their close cousin, the lone kid, which we w ailment discuss subsequently on. In fact, all seven spacemans in the original Mercury plan were first born kids ( Leman, 1985 ) . Besides, foremost born kids tend to take callings that involve leading. For illustration, 52 per centum of all U.S. presidents were first-borns ( Lanning, 1991 ) . Research workers say that, in general, first born kids tend to hold higher IQs than younger siblings. This is non because they start off more intelligent, but because of the sum of attending new parents give to their first kid ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . Experts claim that a first Born # 8217 ; s will to win Begins in babyhood ( Lanning, 1991 ) . The extraordinary love matter that many new parents have with their first kid leads to the sort of strength that can likely neer be repeated with a younger kid. In the first few hebdomads, a new parent imitates the babe # 8217 ; s gestures in a playful game. A beat is established by apery of voices, gestures, and smilings. Think what this rhythm of action-reaction might intend to an baby: # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m reasonably powerful, aren # 8217 ; T I? Everything I do is copied by person who cares about me. # 8221 ; After a twosome of hebdomads of game playing the baby develops a sense of # 8220 ; I recognize you! # 8221 ; ( Brazelton, 1994 ) . This particular parent-child interaction helps to transfuse a deep sense of dignity in first born kids. In short, the parents put their first born kid on a base or throne. Besides, new parents are convinced that their kid is the cleverest kid in the universe when he or she rolls over or says # 8220 ; Mama # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; Dada # 8221 ; ( Jabs, 1987 ) . Even though the kid is a babe it can still feel the profound sense of enthusiasm. So, first Borns want to keep their parents # 8217 ; attending and blessing ( Lanning, 1991 ) . This is when the reaching of a 2nd kid is frequently a crisis for the first kid. They are knocked off their base by the babe ( Leman, 1989 ) . They are no longer the centre of ma and pa # 8217 ; s attending. This frequently causes them to go resentful toward their younger sibling. To repossess the place at the centre of their parents # 8217 ; attending, he or she will seek copying the babe. When the first kid realizes that his or her parents frown upon a two-year-old who wants a bottle or a three-year-old who needs a nappy, he or she decides to help his or her parents in caring for the younger kid ( Jabs, 1987 ) . Parents normally tend to reenforce the older kid # 8217 ; s determination to be more big by anticipating him or her to put a good illustration for the younger kid. These experiences aid to do the first born a natural leader. However, first Borns are sometimes so bemused with being good and making things right that they bury how to bask life and be a child ( Jabs, 1987 ) . Along with being the first kid comes force per unit area. Each accomplishment becomes a miracle in a new parent # 8217 ; s eyes. However, when a error occurs it is viewed as an tremendous failure in the kid # 8217 ; s eyes because their parents weren # 8217 ; t enraptured, and so the kid goes to tremendous lengths to do his or her parents happy with their public presentation. Some parents may besides burthen the kid with their ain unrealized dreams and with puting the criterion for the younger kids ( Brazelton, 1994 ) . Norval D. Glenn, Ph. D. , professor of sociology at the University of Texas at Austin, explains that firstborns frequently suffer from pseudomaturity. They may move grown-up throughout childhood, but because their function theoretical accounts are grown-ups instead than older siblings, they may be given to reject the function of leader in early maturity ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . Besides, a eldest is non ever # 8220 ; the most gracious receiving system of unfavorable judgment # 8221 ; . An grownup # 8217 ; s changeless unfavorable judgment of his or her public presentation may do the kid to go a disquieted perfectionist. They m ay come to fear doing errors before eyes that he or she feels are ever watching them. First born kids may besides come to detest any sort of unfavorable judgment because it emphasizes the mistakes that he or she is seeking to get the better of ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . The first born kid does non hold limitless clip to see himself as the kid in the relationship with parents. When a sibling arrives, he or she tends to extinguish the position of himself or herself as a kid and he or she battles to be # 8220 ; parental # 8221 ; ( Forer, 1969 ) . In short, the first born kid will make anything to do everything perfect. In add-on to the labels mentioned before, first born kids besides tend to be goal-oriented, self-denying, people-pleasers, conservative, protagonists of jurisprudence and order, truster in authorization and ritual, legalistic, loyal, and autonomous. They are frequently winners, the 1s who are driven toward success and stardom in their given Fieldss ( Leman, 1985 ) . First born kids can be found in great Numberss in places like comptrollers, bookkeepers, executive secretaries, applied scientists, and, in recent old ages, people whose occupations involve computing machines. First borns typically take a calling that involves preciseness and requires a strong power of concentration ( Leman, 1985 ) . Some first Borns that have gone on to go celebrated leaders, histrions, scientists, novelists, spacemans, etc. include Mikhail Gorbachev ( Russian leader ) , Jimmy Carter ( president ) , Henry Kissinger ( diplomat ) , Albert Einstein ( scientist ) , Sally Ride ( spaceman ) , Bill Cosby ( histrion ) , John Glenn ( spaceman, senator ) , Steven Spielberg ( manufacturer ) , Joan Colli N ( actress ) , Clint Eastwood ( histrion ) , Peter Jennings ( TV journalist ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( vocalist ) ( Jabs, 1987 ; Lanning, 1991 ; Marzollo, 1990 ) . In many ways, the lone kid is like the first born kid. An lone kid is a first born kid who neer loses his or her parents # 8217 ; undivided attending. He or she benefits greatly from his or her parents # 8217 ; enthusiastic attending, every bit long as it isn # 8217 ; t excessively critical. The lone kid besides tends to hold the first kid # 8217 ; s heightened sense of right and incorrect ( Jabs, 1987 ) . Leman # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; perfect # 8221 ; description of the # 8220 ; Lonely Only # 8221 ; include all the labels that were included with the first born kid. However, predating each word would be the prefix super ( Leman, 1985 ) . Where the first born kid is organized, the lone kid is superorganized. Where the first born kid is a perfectionist, the lone kid is a superperfectionist. Labels that are frequently applied to merely kids include spoiled, selfish, lazy, and a spot egotistic. These labels tend to be applied because merely kids don # 8217 ; T hold to portion with other siblings like the first, in-between, or youngest kids. Dr. Alfred Adler, a celebrated psychologist, said that # 8220 ; The Merely Child has troubles with every independent activity and Oklahoman or subsequently they become useless in life. # 8221 ; However, most birth order experts, every bit good as myself, being an lone kid, disagree with Dr. Adler and the labels given to an lone kid. ( Leman, 1989 ) . Army for the liberation of rwanda from being people who are used to holding things handed to them all their lives, merely kids are among the top winners in every country of profession. For illustration some of the more celebrated merely kids include Franklin D. Roosevelt ( president ) , Leonardo district attorney Vinci ( creative person ) , Charles Lindbergh ( pilot ) , Ted Koppel ( TV journalist ) , Brooke Shields ( theoretical account, actress ) , Nancy Reagan ( first-lady ) , Frank Sinatra ( vocalist ) , Danielle Steel ( novelist ) , and John Updike ( novelist ) ( Jabs, 1987 ; Leman, 1989 ) . A job that merely kids tend to hold is when eager parents interfere with their kid # 8217 ; s development. For illustration, new parents tend to leap in excessively early to assist the kid with everything he or she attempts. They can’t sit back and allow the kid battle. What they don’t recognize is that defeat is a powerful learning tool. When a kid battles to get the hang a undertaking and succeeds on his or her ain, their face lights up with pride. # 8220 ; I did it myself. # 8221 ; If a parent tends to leap in to assist at every small job, so the kid could lose his or her will to seek to make things by their ego. Merely kids seem to be really on top of things, articulate, and mature. They appear to hold it all together. Yet, frequently there is an internal battle traveling on. Their criterions have ever been set by grownups and are frequently high, sometimes excessively high. Merely kids on a regular basis have a difficult clip basking their accomplishments. They feel as if they can neer make anything good plenty. Even if they win, they frequently feel as though they didn # 8217 ; t win by adequate. This is normally the start of what experts call the # 8220 ; discouraged perfectionist # 8221 ; ( Leman, 1985 ) . Besides, many other particular jobs may develop with lone kids. These jobs are frequently classified as merely kids, who are # 8220 ; job children. # 8221 ; For illustration, the # 8220 ; particular gem # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; receiver # 8221 ; kid frequently has a job with the heliocentric theory that states that our solar system revolves around the Sun. The particular gem or receiver child believes that the full existence revolves around him or her. This type of kid by and large develops when the parents gi ve in to their kid # 8217 ; s every want. It is of import for this kid # 8217 ; s parents to state no. If the kid says, # 8220 ; Mom, I want that! # 8221 ; , her female parent should react by stating, # 8220 ; No, I will non purchase that for you, but you may buy it with money you have earned yourself. # 8221 ; Once these kids realize that they are covering with person who won # 8217 ; Ts cave in to their every demand they become quite pleasant ( Leman, 1989 ) . Another # 8220 ; job kid # 8221 ; is the # 8220 ; friend-snatcher # 8221 ; . The kid who neer learns to portion his or her plaything, will besides hold a job with sharing friends every bit good. They become agitated when their friend tries to include other people into the brace # 8217 ; s activities. They may seek to corrupt their # 8220 ; friend # 8221 ; by offering them playthings, nutrient, and possibly even money. For this job, experts suggest facing the kid by suggesting, that mabye, the ground he or she is non holding really good relationships with his or her friends is because he or she is non willing to portion friends with anyone. Suggest that they need to seek doin g activities with more than two people and that they need to halt being so posessive ( Leman, 1989 ) . Following is the # 8220 ; mark # 8221 ; kid. This kid besides has a job with the heliocentric theory. This kid magnifies his or her importance in every state of affairs and beleives he or she is the one being singled out for unjust intervention. When life is unjust, as it frequently is, he can drop into deep depression and resentment. For illustration, if a instructor gives them an # 8220 ; F # 8221 ; on a universe history trial, it # 8217 ; s because the instructor doesn # 8217 ; Ts like them and non because they didn # 8217 ; Ts do a good occupation ( Leman, 1989 ) . These are frequently jobs of an lone kids who has been sheltered from society by their overprotective parents. Those who are good adjusted know from an early age that life is a mixture of good and bad ( Leman, 1989 ) . Middle kids are the hardest to classify because they are so dependent different variables, including the personalities of their older and younger siblings and the figure of old ages between them ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . # 8220 ; What happens to middle kids depends on the entire household kineticss, # 8221 ; says Dr. Jeannie Kidwell, household healer and research bookman ( Jabs, 1987 ) . In-between kids can be diffident or outgoing, foolhardy or responsible, edgy or laid back ( Lanning, 1991 ) . Any figure of life styles can look, but they all play off the first Born ( Leman, 1985 ) . He or she may seek to copy the first-born # 8217 ; s behaviour. If they feel that they can # 8217 ; t fit up, they may travel away in another way, looking for their individuality, frequently in the exact antonym of that taken by his or her older sibling. The general decision of all research surveies done on birth order is that 2nd Borns will likely be slightly the antonym of first born kids ( Leman, 1985 ) . In general, in-between Born kids suffer from an individuality cris is. They are ever endeavoring to be different from their older and younger siblings. Middle kids feel that they are born excessively late to acquire the privileges and particular intervention that eldests seem to inherit by right and born excessively early to bask the relaxing of the disciplinary reins, which is sometimes translated as # 8220 ; acquiring off with slaying # 8221 ; ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . Neither the winner nor the babe, the in-between kid may experience that he or she has no peculiar function in the household. They may look outside the household to specify themselves. This is why friends become really of import to middle kids ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . Middle kids hunt to happen their ain individuality and specify their personality. Because in-between kids have to contend for their parents # 8217 ; attending, they become extremely competitory. This by and large makes center kids more successful in athleticss. Missing the benefit of the exclusions parents make for their first Borns and last Borns, in-between kids may larn to negociate, to compromise, and to give and take, valuable accomplishments that will assist them win ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . They can go effectual directors and leaders because they are good hearers and can get by with changing points of position. Besides, experts have found that because in-between kids have had to fight for more things than their siblings they are better prepared for existent life. One large asset for in-between kids is a good developed sense of empathy because they know what it # 8217 ; s like to be younger and older. However, all the viing and negotiating may do in-between kids to hold an overall low ego regard and a self-deprecating attitude ( Marzoll O, 1990 ) . However, in-between kids have many advantages. They can larn from the older sibling but can besides regress to be like the younger one, duplicating their acquisition chances. Yet, they may besides hold many temper swings between grown-up and baby-like behaviour, particularly during the adolescent age old ages ( Brazelton, 1994 ) . Leman ( 1989 ) says to # 8220 ; Remember, the mean adolescent has merely two emotional effusions per twelvemonth. The job is they last about six months each. # 8221 ; Because somewhat more than one 3rd of American households today have merely two kids, many parents find themselves believing in footings of the first Born and 2nd Born. Middle and 2nd Born kids portion many of the same features. Like the in-between kid, the second-born is likely to seek for ways to be different from the first-born kid ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . Dr. Kidwell says, # 8220 ; Problems arise when a household has really stiff expectations. # 8221 ; If the lone thing that affairs is straight A # 8217 ; s and the first child is making that, the in-between child has a profound quandary. He or she needs something else to be known for ( Jabs, 1987, p.29 ) . Some celebrated center and 2nd kids who have found their ain individuality include Bea Arthur ( actress ) , Glenn Close ( actress ) , Matt Dillon ( histrion ) , Linda Evans ( actress ) , Jessica Lange ( actress ) , Cyndi Lauper ( vocalist ) , Tom Selleck ( histrion ) , Mary Decker Slaney ( smuggler ) , Richard Nixon ( president ) , Princess Diana ( British royalty ) , George Burns ( comedian ) , Bob Hope ( comedian ) ( Jabs, 1 987 ; Marzollo, 1990 ) . If a group of psychologists indiscriminately picked out 10 youngest born kids, opportunities are that nine of them would hold these features: manipulative, charming, incriminations others, shows off, people individual, good sales representative, precocious, engaging, and sometimes spoiled ( Leman, 1985 ) . By the clip the youngest kid is born, his or her parents have become veterans in the field of kid attention ( Lanning, 1991 ) . They are more experient and confident in their parenting patterns, and so they frequently decide to allow the last born enjoy childhood every bit long as they can ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . This is why youngest kids tend to be more pampered than older siblings. The youngest or # 8220 ; babe # 8221 ; of the household is frequently given an excess dosage of fondness and attending, every bit good as an occasional exclusion from the regulations ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . This highly positive upbringing helps to lend to the youngest kid # 8217 ; s fun-loving, affectionate, and persuasive behaviour ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . The youngest kid can turn up to experience the most tre asured, and the most nurtured of all ( Brazelton, 1994 ) . Besides, without the force per unit area of a younger sibling deriving from behind, the youngest may turn up easy traveling and carefree ( Jabs, 1987 ) . However, life International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t all merriment and games for the household babe. The eternal congratulations of last born kids may go forth them experiencing that their households do non take them earnestly ( Marzollo, 1990 ) . For case, a common youngest kid comment would be, # 8220 ; If I get disquieted or seek to province my sentiment, cipher takes me earnestly. To them, I # 8217 ; m the babe. They think I don # 8217 ; Ts know a whole batch, # 8221 ; ( Lanning, 1991 ) . Youngest kids frequently have feelings of insecurity or long periods of diffidence ( Lanning, 1991 ) . For illustration, a youngest kid grows up being coddled one minute as a darling small babe, but the following minute she # 8217 ; s compared unfavourably with an older sibling. He or she is frequently below the belt compared with older and stronger siblings. Harmonizing to Beverly Hills-based psychiatrist Carole Lieberman, M.D. , the self-image of the youngest kid may become baffled ( Lanning, 1991 ) . As a consequence of conflicting experiences, youngest kids can be highly self-assured in someways and insecure in others ( Leman, 1985 ) . For the most portion, youngest kids learn to get by with the jobs of diffidence. In fact, youngest kids frequently go on to become rather successful, thanks in portion to their originality and finding to turn out themselves to the universe ( Lanning, 1991 ) . Often, they express their alone position of the universe through the ocular or literary humanistic disciplines. People-pleasing Fieldss, such as art, comedy, amusement and gross revenues are full of youngest kids ( Lanning, 1991 ) . Some illustrations of celebrated youngest kids include Ronald Reagan ( president, histrion ) , Eddie Murphy ( comedian ) , Paul Newman ( histrion ) , Mary Lou Retton ( gymnast ) , Billy Crystal ( comedian ) , Yogi Bera ( baseball participant ) , Ted Kennedy ( politician ) , and Kevin Leman ( psychologist )

Mining In Canada Essays - Mining, Occupational Safety And Health

Mining In Canada The Importance of Mining Industry The importance of mining is definitely significant to Canada. Mining, is an important industry, and Canadians are very advanced in their mining technology, but during the mining process, there is certain level of pollution produced. The Canadian government and the mining companies have very good plans and controls toward this problem, while ensuring the smooth running of the industries, and also helping to create strong economy and employment. The world of today could not exist without mineral products. Canada produces about 60 minerals and ranks first among producing countries1. As well, Canada is the largest exporter of minerals, with more than 20 per cent of production shipped to world markets2. In a typical year, the mining industry is responsible for almost 20 per cent of Canada's total export earnings3 (See Appendix A). As for the employment rate, over 70 per cent of the mines are owned by Canadians and approximately 108,000 Canadians are directly employed in the mining industry4. Mining is very important in Canadian life. Not only do the products power the family car and heat the family home, the manufacturing sector, the high tech industries and even the better known resource industries are all dependent, in some way, on the mining industry. The mining industry will continue to be an important support to the economy. Mining is taking full advantage of the quick expansion of computers and microelectronics. These technologies are found in nearly every aspect of mineral development activity - from exploration methods, through production, mineral processing and even marketing. Computers and related equipment now have a lot of different applications in geophysical logging, geochemistry, geological mapping and surface contouring5. At the mine planning stage, the job of designing a mine is now greatly simplified by automation. Through the use of advanced software, geological models can be produced from drill hole data. Computers are also being used to develop plans for mine expansion, develop mining schedules for yearly, quarterly and in some cases, weekly operations. At the operating stage, this new technology is everywhere6. Both in research and operational applications, automated mine monitoring systems now determine immediate information on the status of equipment in underground or remote locations. Canada produces its 60 mineral products from roughly 300 mines across the country7. Before these products can make the trip from mines to the marketplace, they must be searched for, staked, tested, analyzed, developed. There are many difference methods to mine for minerals, an open pit mine is one of the method we use today. The ore - waste material along with the minerals, is recovered directly from the surface. Drilling rigs are used to drill holes into the ore areas and blasting charges will be set in them to break loose the ore. The ore: first stop is at the primary crushing station, often located underground, where the large chunks of ore are crushed to a finer size. Further crushing is required prior to sending the ore to the mill where it is ground to a fine powder8. The purpose of crushing and grinding is to free the minerals from the rock. Treatment may consist of gravity or chemical concentration techniques. The end product of the mill is a concentrate, whereby the percentage of valuable mineral has been increased by a factor of 10 to as much as 50 times contained in the ore9. The concentration operation may be complicated or relatively simple, depending on the mineral content of the ore. Milling processes are designed to separate the valuable minerals from the undesired minerals. Although the milling process separates valuable minerals from waste, it does not actually recover the metals in final form. The smelting operation treats the metal-bearing concentrate further, up-grading it to purer form called matte. Basically: The ore concentrates are mixed with other materials and treated at high temperatures to change the material to other chemical forms. The metal in the matte can be separated further. Further treatment is applied to the final purification of the metal and finishing to the standards required in the metal-using industries. Mining, as we understanding, is a very important industry. But there are underlying dangers to our environment. Mining companies and the government have realized this problem, and regulations and controls have been applied to it. The major environmental problem usually results from the processing and transportation of mineral products rather than from the actual mining process. Example: when an oil spill has occurred in the ocean, the problem caused to the environment is very big, because gallons of oil is spilling over the ocean's surface, resulting in the death of many ocean organisms, and in the pollution of the ocean. (See Appendix B) In

How Much Information Will an Individual Store in His or Her Iconic Memory essays

How Much Information Will an Individual Store in His or Her Iconic Memory essays How Much Information Will an Individual Store in His or Her Iconic Memory? How much information will an individual store in his or her iconic memory? In a given time, individuals are able to perceive more information than they can verbally encode. This is the process by which a visual stimulus is transformed to neurons to enable the brain to store information in the immediate memory. The rate of transfer is how fast an individual can encode something in a given time, which is stored in the immediate or short-term memory. It is stated that visual input can be stored in some medium, that later will be recalled. When the duration of the stimulus is limited, information is not properly encoded from a stimulus to a verbal code and it is lost from immediate memory. This is a cognitive process. The term icon was introduced by Neisser (1967) to refer to the brief persistence of information from a visual display after the display is no longer present. Early experimenters, such as Erdman and Dodge (1898), had been concerned with this phenomenon and asked ho w much information could be acquired at a single fixation reading. The typical finding from briefly presenting a set of letters and having the subjects report as many letters as possible (full-report) was that the perceptual span was 4 to 5 letters. In replicating Sperlings experiment we hope to see why iconic memory as well as duration recall is limited. He has shown that the duration of an icon has to do with the ability of an individual to encode the visual information. One limitation to the study of the icon is, its very brief duration. As individuals begin reporting the contents of the icon, it is already disappearing. Sperling invented the partial-report technique to overcome this difficulty. His third experiment is being replicated to understand the problem at hand. He used manipulations to control the rate at which i...

Cultural relativism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural relativism - Research Paper Example The customs, for example practiced by many cultures and religions such as infanticide, human sacrifice or self-mutation are considered right in those particular cultures and religions, while at the same time they are abhorred in other societies. In cultural relativism there is considered no concept of universal truths. The relativists claim that since every culture has its own distinct and diverse moral and ethical codes therefore there cannot be any universal standards to judge anything other than to consider it in the context of that particular culture. As in the case of abortion, which is highly abhorred and considered illegal in many countries, is considered completely legal and an act of birth control in Japan and many such countries. The idea of cultural relativism advocates the idea that everything is valid and right in its cultural context. This means that there is nothing truly right and wrong or moral and amoral, rather there is only different cultural aspects which may or may not validate an act or practice. The anthropologists, who contradict the idea of cultural relativism, consider the ethical subjectivism more appropriate in term of morality of actions. Ethical subjectivism implies that whatever an individual does or feels is right as far as he considers it right. This means that one thing that is morally justified for one person may not be so for another person. In other words the concept of right and wrong on a culture basis shrinks to an individual basis. For example extra marital relations or open marriage may be considered right for some while it will not be a justified act for others (Rae, 2009). There is another term of situational ethics generally applied by anthropologists which implies that morality is situation based. This term is introduced by Joseph Fletcher, advocating that all morality is relevant to the particular situation in which an individual finds himself. The most cited example of situational ethics is that of a woman impris oned in Nazi camp. She asked a guard to make her pregnant so that she could be released and meet her family (Rae, 2009). All these terms of cultural relativism, ethical subjectivism or situational ethics are valid in their own context, yet they can’t all be correct. If we truly follow ethical subjectivism, it would mean that there is no concept of society or culture but individual choices. This would only alienate individuals from one another. If everything has to be justified according to individual choices and preferences than no one will think of the consequences of their actions, rather there will only prevail selfishness and biased natures. To accept the individuality and diversity of different cultures and to give space and freedom of practice is essential, but to accept all the aspects of a particular religion or culture whether they are right or wrong is definitely not essential. Respecting cultures does not mean we respect their inhumane practices as well. Every cult ure teaches the basic doctrines of humanity and justice and they should be appreciated for whatever is good and humane in them. Yet there can’

Typographer Matthew Carter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Typographer Matthew Carter - Essay Example Although the process followed in the above type foundry was considered to be anachronistic, this activity helped Carter to create his own style in typography design (a sector that became soon the centre of Carter’s work in typography). During his visit in New York approximately in 1960 Carter had the chance to study the work of Herb Lubalin and Milton Glaser. It was the work of these two typographic designers that caused the transition of Carter from a ‘type-maker to a type designer’ [1]. It should be noticed that in New York Carter ‘joined Mergenthaler Linotype and began developing fonts that would exploit the new photo-typesetting technologies’ [2]. It was there that Carter’s skills in ‘calligraphic and script renderings’ [2] were revealed. In this context, the skills of Carter in typography could be considered as formulated mostly under the influence of typography trends existed in 1960’s in New York (of course his work n ear his father was an important factor for the development of Carter’s skills in typography). Carter has been based primarily on earlier designer’s work adding his own style. The value of the work of earlier designers on the development of Carter’s skills can be identified in the case of Galliard, ‘designed for Mergenthaler Linotype in 1978 and based on Robert Granjon’s forms of the mid-16th century, discovered during Carter’s research at the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp in the 1950s’ [1]. Generally, it could be stated that ‘Carter’s outstanding knowledge of type and its history has not led him to be fastidious or conservative in his attitude towards the democratisation and instability of type in the digital environment’ [1]. In fact, Carter managed to combine the style of earlier typography designers with his own personal style in order to create a series of fonts that are considered to be unique in terms of t he style and the method used for their production. Moreover, Carter has

Holocaust Memorial Visit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Holocaust Memorial Visit - Assignment Example The exclusivity of commemorating the Jewish victims For a race that was almost annihilated and made extinct by Hitler’s genocide, it is only proper that their suffering is commemorated and such remembrance will only be exclusive to them. The purpose is not to dilute the message of how terrible a war crime is when the commemoration is remembered along with other circumstances during the Second World War. Their pain and suffering during the war cannot be compensated by any gesture but at least that by solely remembering them can mitigate the pain caused by the Holocaust. Eisenmann’s preference of No Ort. My stand. It is quite absurd as an idea for a Museum to be built underground because it defeats the very purpose of erecting that Museum. Museums are built to memorialize or remember something. To memorialize and remember it, the museum has to be seen by the most number of people possible. Constructing it underground not only defeats its purpose but it sends the message that it is concealing the atrocities that were done to the Jews during the Holocaust. Why the US taxpayers money should not be used to commemorate the Jewish victims It is the Germans who committed those war crimes against the Jews during the Second World War and not the Americans. And as such, it is only proper that German’s taxpayer should be used to build those monuments as a form of remuneration for what they have done to the Jews during the Holocaust. Americans should not pay to commemorate a crime they did not commit.

Principles of Managers and Management

Principles of Managers and Management We must understand who is manager before further our study into the aspects of management. Managers have long been responsible for planning, organizing, leading and controlling in such a way as to ensure that the organizations objectives are achieved efficiently. A major change is occurring in many organizations, however Management is increasingly becoming a responsibility of every individual in the organization, not just those who are formally designated as managers. In many organization, all members are managing themselves more than was generally in the past. They are performing some of the functions of management, such as planning, not simply the task assigned to them as part of the organizing process. 1.1.2 Who are managers? Manager can be defined as, A manager is an individual who is directly responsible for ensuring that tasks are performed by people or employees in an organisation. or A manager is a person tasked with overseeing one or more employees or departments to ensure these employees or departments carry out assigned duties as required Practically, managemer is divided into three levels, 1) Senior / Top managemer 2) Middle manager and 3) First level / Lower manager. Top managers, who are responsible for making ornagization decision and establishing the plan and goals that affect the entire organisations. These individuals typically have titles such as Executive Vice President, Vice President, President, Chief Operation Officer (COO) or Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Senior or Top manager commonly consists of a board of directors or shareholders who own the company and are responsible for making key decisions that affect the company. Middle managers include all levels of management between the first level manager and top level of the organisation. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional managers, project leader, plant managers or division managers. First-line managers, the lowest level of management, manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organizations products or servicing the organizations customer. There are three key elements to get to know about the manager. The fuctions performed by managers in the management environment, roles and the skills. This three key elements will be discussed later. 1.1.3 What is management? Self check : In your opinion, what is the definition of management? Management can be defined as follows: Management is defined as the process of overseeing and coordinating resources efficiently and effectively in line with the goals of the organisation. The attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources In the simplest of terms, management is all about getting things done. However, it is the way and the process of how one achieves ones target or goals and it is in this respect that management is considered an art and a science as well. Peter Drucker (1993) defined management as Supplying knowledge to find out how existing knowledge can best be applied to produce results is, in effect, what we mean by management. But knowledge is now also being applied systematically and purposefully to determine what new knowledge is needed, whether it is feasible, and what has to be done to make knowledge effective. It is being applied, in other words, to systematic innovation. (Drucker, 1993) From all the above definitions, it is clear that management is a creative as well as a systematic flow of knowledge that can be applied to produce results by using human as well as other resources in an effective way. Management has not been limited to managing human resource; management today has been segregated into various branches like financial management, strategic management, operations management, time management, crisis management, marketing management etc. Each of these is a separate branch that is being handled by managers who specialize in these fields. Today the importance of management from an organizations point of view has increased multifold. It is only through effective management that companies are developing and executing their businesss policies and strategies to maximize their profits and provide with the best of products and services. Management today combines creative, business, organizational, analytical and other skills to produce effective goal-oriented results! Some of the key functions in management includes learning to delegate, planning and organizing, communicating clearly, controlling situations, motivating employees, adapting to change, constantly innovating and thinking of new ideas, building a good team and delivering results which are not just figure -bound but results that also focus on overall growth and development. Management focuses on the entire organization from both a short and a long-term perspective. Management is the managerial process of forming a strategic vision, setting objectives, crafting a strategy and then implementing and executing the strategy. Management goes beyond the organizations internal operations to include the industry and the general environment. The key emphasis is on issues related to environmental scanning and industry analysis, appraisal of current and future competitors, assessment of core competencies, strategic control and the effective allocation of organizational resources. Nevertheless, based on definition number 2, effectiveness is the attainment of goals that enables the realisation of the objectives of an organisation or, briefly, as doing the right thing whereas efficiency is performing a job using minimum effort, cost and wastage or simply put as doing things right. The end result of an efficient and effective management is the success of an organisation. A person can be described as efficient but not effective or effective but not efficient in managing a specific task. Both elements are not interdependent. Lets say a factory worker finds a shortcut to doing a task with lower cost but by doing so, he deviates from the ethical objectives of the organisation. For example, he disposes of production waste by dumping it into the river. But one of the organisations ethical objectives is to preserve local harmony. So, the factory worker, through his action, deviated from the objective although he was efficient. In short, he was efficient but not effective. In contrast, an employee is considered effective but not efficient if he uses an old method to resolve a management issue even if it could have been resolved efficiently without deviating from the objectives of the organisation. For example, in delivering information, the employee sends a letter via post instead of e-mail. Although it does not affect or clash with the organisations objectives, the employee has wasted a part of the resources allocated to him. Both efficiency and effectiveness cannot be excluded from the definition of management as these are essential elements in defining management. 1.1.4 What is organizations? When two or more people get together and agree to coordinate their activities in order to achieve their common goals, an organization has been born. There is really no doubt about the present meaning of organization. Its purpose is to create an arrangement of positions and responsibilities through and by means of which an enterprise can carry out its work. An academic textbook definition of organization can be formulated as follows: a. the responsibilities by means of which the activities of the enterprise are dispersed among the (managerial, supervisory, and specialist) personnel employed in its service; and b. the formal interrelations established among the personnel by virtue of such responsibilities. It must be emphasized that an organization should not be seen as rigid as the term framework implies. In reality, almost all organization structures must be occasionally reviewed due to various changes in the external environment of the organization in question. Moreover, internal changes also occur oftentimes due to the development of various informal relationships. However, in order to develop a so-called science of organizations a conceptual framework of theory and principle must first be developed. It is true to state that principles of management have existed for a long time. These principles were not recorded as scientific truths, but simply applied as practical means to accompany the process of modernization. As societies became more complex, an acceptable framework to encompass the unscientific principles of management was needed. Since the nineteenth century, many writers and researchers have contributed a great deal to existing principles and accepted practices. It is in the formulation of principles that the science of management can be developed. A management principle distils and organizes knowledge that has been built up through experience and analysis. It is highly unlikely that management will ever become an exact science with many laws governing it because personal judgment will always be needed to supplement available knowledge. Unlike principles in the natural sciences, management principles are not fundamental truths, they are only conditional statements which largely depends on many other variables. However, it is still necessary to continue the process of understanding and applying accepted principles to improve the quality of day-to-day management practice. For this reason management will always be an art. 1.2 Who are managers and what they do? There are three key elements to get to know about the manager. Management Fuctions Management Roles Management Skills. 1.2.1 Management Functions Today in most management book, basic management functions The manager is involved in various basic activities. These activities are usually grouped in a concept categorised as management functions. These functions are illustrated as follows. Management functions Planning, Organising, Leading Controlling Referring to the table below, all four management functions elorated. Table 1.1: Management Functions Management Functions Descriptions Planning Defining objectives to be achieved for a given period and what needs to be done to achieve the objectives. All management levels in an organisation need to be involved in planning. Managers need to develop objectives in line with the overall strategies of the organisation. Organising Determining what tasks are to be done; who will implement and co-ordinate them; how the tasks are to be grouped; who reports to whom; and where decisions are to be made. The manager needs to logically and effectively organise the information, resources and workflow of the organisation so that he is able to react positively towards changes in the business environment. Leading This involves motivating subordinates; selecting the most effective communication channels; resolving conflicts; and directing as well as guiding the actions of others with the intention of achieving all objectives. The effective leader of today has to be visionary in foreseeing the future, sharing the vision and encouraging employees in realising the vision. Controlling The measuring of performance in all pre-determined objectives, determining reasons for deviation and taking appropriate actions, where necessary. Controlling is an important function in the management process as it provides ways to ensure that the organisation moves towards achieving its objectives. 1.2.2 MANAGEMENT ROLES Manager can identified by the role they play in the organisations. An expert in management, Prof Henry Mintzberg, did a research by observing what managers did during their work hours. His research conclude that managers not only have 4 elements as discussed in Management Functions, but they have to play another roles as detailed below (Lewis, P.S. et al; 2001). Role as a Figurehead A manager must carry out ceremonial duties. For example, the vice-chancellor of a university must be involved in the opening ceremony of programmes conducted at the university. The head of a department is responsible for entertaining his clients. Role as a Leader A manager indirectly functions as a leader. Each manager must function as a leader in motivating and encouraging his subordinates. The manager steers members of his unit to continuously work effectively to achieve the goals of the unit and organisation besides resolving problems and issues. Role as a Liaison Officer A manager conveys relevant information gathered to individuals outside his unit or to other relevant parties outside his organisation. The manager will allocate time for interacting with people outside his organisation. Thus, a manager acts as a channel for communications between his department and those within as well as those outside his organisation. For example, a human resource manager may liaise with the finance manager to check on funds allocated for the recruitment of new employees by the organisation before embarking on a recruitment drive. Role as a Spokesperson The manager of an organisation usually acts as its spokesperson. For example, a supervisor will usually ensure that the operations manager is furnished with the latest information on the running of his production plant. Similarly, the general manager of a factory will lobby local authorities for a new tender. Role as a Negotiator No organisation is without problems. A manager is compelled to find a solution for each of its problems regardless of complexities. The manager needs to spend a lot of time in discussions as he plays the role of a negotiator. For example, a manager will negotiate with the trade union chief to reach an amicable agreement on salaries. Role as an Initiator Two management experts, Sumantra Ghoshal and Christopher Bartlett (Dessler, G; 2001), highlighted the additional role of a manager as an initiator of corporate actions and transformations. Moreover, an excellent manager is one who cultivates three processes that steer his employees towards achieving initiatives for change. These processes are as follows: Entrepreneurship Process The manager will try to improve his units performance and when he gets a good idea, he will launch a programme to realise the idea. Researches carried out in Japan, the United States and Europe showed that a successful manager is one who focuses a lot of time and effort on steering his employees towards thinking like an entrepreneur. To meet this objective, the manager needs to empower, support and provide incentives for employees to attain self-direction. Capability Development Process In a technology-centred world, conglomerates need to fully utilise their advantage as a large establishment not only in matters of economies of scale but also in the aspects of widening and deepening the knowledge and abilities of its employees. A manager who succeeds will focus on creating a conducive environment that encourages employees to shoulder additional responsibilities. He will also focus on preparing the necessary training and guidance to build their self-confidence. The successful manager will allow employees room for making mistakes without the fear of being penalised while undergoing training and encourage them to learn from their mistakes. Reformation Process A successful manager will identify situations that might pose challenges to the strategies of the organisation and assumptions made. In other words, the manager is capable of cultivating a querying disposition such as why something is done in a certain way and whether there are alternative ways of doing it. 1.2.3 MANAGEMENT SKILLS SELF-CHECK 1.2 When an organisation shortlists employees for the position of a manager, it will usually select individuals with technical, interpersonal and conceptual skills. Therefore, the third approach to understanding the tasks of managers is to analyse the skills required to carry out the tasks. Figure 1.2 shows three types of essential skills required at each level of management. The arrow pointing upwards shows the type of skills that are needed by top-level management. The arrow pointing downwards shows the type of skills that are needed by lower-level management or line managers. Figure 1.2: Skills required of a manager (a) Conceptual Skills Conceptual skills refer to the ability to view the organisation as a whole, and the impact the different sections have on the organisation, as a whole and on each other. It also involves observing how an organisation adapts to or is affected by external environmental factors such as society, economic pressure, customers and competition. An efficient manager should be able to identify, understand and solve the various problems and critical perspectives. The need for conceptual skills becomes increasingly crucial when a manager climbs higher in the management hierarchy. (b) Interpersonal Skills Interpersonal skill is the ability to work well with other people. Managers with good interpersonal skills work more effectively in a group, encouraging other employees to input their ideas and comments as well as being receptive to the needs and views of others. The manager will also, indirectly, become a good listener and speaker. Interpersonal skills are crucial, regardless of the level of management. However, a low-level manager will be more occupied in solving technical problems while a manager at the middle and higher levels will be mainly occupied with dealing directly with others. (c) Technical Skills Technical skills are the ability to apply procedures, techniques and specialised knowledge required in a certain task. For a shoe factory supervisor, the technical skills required will include the steps involved in shoe manufacturing from the beginning until the final product is ready. A housing developers technical skills will include ways to complete the development of a housing estate. Technical skills are crucial for low-level managers as they supervise employees in manufacturing or service sectors. The manager needs to have technical knowledge and the skills to train new employees and assist employees in solving problems. Skills and technical knowledge are required to solve operational problems that cannot be handled by employees. Nevertheless, the higher the position of a manager in a hierarchy, the fewer the technical skills required. SELF-CHECK 1.3 Self check Based on what you have learned, identify the differences between the three levels and tabulate your answers. Exercise Explain each of the management functions that you have learned about. 1.3 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940) At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. Often they included ongoing, routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products. The United States highly prized scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and specification of activities and results. Management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor developed the :scientific management theory which espoused this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible. Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach appeared to work well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities. Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950) Max Weber embellished the scientific management theory with his bureaucratic theory. Weber focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested organizations develop comprehensive and detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized tasks. Human Relations Movement (1930-today) Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories. More attention was given to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization. A major belief included that the organization would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource departments were added to organizations. The behavioral sciences played a strong role in helping to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of the organization and its workers could be better aligned. Various new theories were spawned, many based on the behavioral sciences (some had name like theory X, Y and Z). General Administrative Theories Administrative theory, Classical administrative theory An early form of organization theory, pioneered mainly by Henri Fayol (1841-1925), which was concerned principally with achieving the most rational organization for co-ordinating the various tasks specified within a complex division of labour (see his Administration industrielle et gà ©nà ©rale, 1916) . The translation of this book into English as General and Industrial Management (1949) implies that Fayol was concerned mainly with business management, although he himself makes it clear that his ideas about management were intended to apply to all formal organizations, including political and religious undertakings. Expressing the French administration as management has also led to the alternative designation of this approach as the classical school of scientific management. More recent exponents include Lyndall Urwick and Peter F. Drucker. Fayol, who is acknowledged to be the earliest advocate of a theoretical analysis of managerial activities, identified the key functions of management as being those of forecasting and planning. The most rational and efficient organizations were, in his view, those which implemented a plan that facilitated unity, continuity, flexibility, precision, command and control. Universal principles of administration were then distilled from these objectives. These include the key elements of the scalar chain (authority and responsibility flowing in an unbroken line from the chief executive to the shop floor); unity of command (each person has only one supervisor with whom he or she communicates); a pyramid of prescribed control (first-line supervisors have a limited number of functions and subordinates, with second-line supervisors controlling a prescribed number of first-line supervisors, and so on up to the chief executive); unity of direction (people engaged in similar activities must pursu e a common objective in line with the overall plan); specialization of tasks (allowing individuals to build up a specific expertise and so be more productive); and, finally, subordination of individual interests to the general interest of the organization. This list is not exhaustive, but illustrates the key proposition of administrative theory, which is that a functionally specific and hierarchical structure offers the most efficient means of securing organizational objectives (see M. B. Brodie , Fayol on Administration, 1967) Classical administrative theory, like its near-contemporary the scientific management approach, rests on the premisses that organizations are unproblematically rational and (effectively) closed systems. In other words, organizations are assumed to have unambiguous and unitary objectives, which the individuals within them pursue routinely, by obeying the rules and fulfilling their role expectations, according to the prescribed blueprint and structure. Moreover, in the attempt to maximize efficiency, it is only variables within that structure that need to be considered and manipulated. The interaction of the organization with its environment, together with the various factors which are external to the organization but nevertheless have consequences for its internal functioning, are systematically ignored. Clearly, both perspectives take a rather deterministic view of social action, since each assumes that individuals will maximize organizational efficiency, independently of their own w elfare, and with no thought for the relationship between the collective goal and their own particular purposes. The Human Relations Movement in organizational analysis, an otherwise diverse group of writers and approaches, is united by its opposition to precisely this assumption. Despite such criticisms, the classical theory of administration has exerted considerable influence on the fields of business studies and public administration, and it still provides the basic concepts which many managers use in clarifying their objectives. Question why they need evolution in the first place? What change the theory, From the start of the 19th century until the 20th century, managers and scholars formed a theoretical framework to explain what they believe to be good practices of management. Their efforts led to five different classes of perspectives on management classical, behavioural, quantitative, systems and contemporary. Each perspective is based on different assumptions towards the objectives of the organisation and human behaviour. Figure 1.3 will help you to understand the chronological sequence of the perspectives. You might be wondering why it is important and necessary to study the historical development or the evolution of management thought. Studying history enables us to learn from mistakes made in the past so as to avoid making them in the future. History also enables us to study past successes that can be emulated accordingly in the future. Most importantly, we must understand the reasons behind such occurrences in order to improve in the future. 1.4.1 Classical Perspective This perspective existed in the 19th century and early 20th century. It focused on the rational and scientific approaches to the study of management and on finding ways to mould an organisation to become more efficient. There are three sub-classes in this perspective, the scientific management, bureaucracy management and administrative management. (a) Scientific Management This approach existed at a time when productivity was deemed critical by businessmen. Businesses were growing rapidly but businessmen were facing a critical shortage of workers. Hence, management was continuously finding ways to improve the performance of its employees. The focus on improving employees efficiency is known as the scientific management approach. A number of researchers contributed towards the findings of scientific management, among them Frederick Winslow Taylor, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth and Henry Gantt. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), a mechanical engineer, was of the opinion that problems arose mainly due to bad management practices and, to a lesser degree, problems with employees. He stressed that management itself needed to transform and that the transformation method could only be established through scientific research. He suggested that decisions based on rules of thumb be substituted with established procedures, after analysing each situation. Taylors theory, which stated that the productivity of the labour force could be improved through scientifically-based management practices, earned him the title Father of Scientific Management. To improve the work performance of employees, Taylor conducted a research entitled Time and Motions Study. From the research findings, Taylor identified five principles of management that could boost production efficiency. The five principles were: (i) Using the scientific approach to determine best practices and not relying on rules of thumb; (ii) Selecting suitable employees to perform a particular task. Suitability covers mental and physical aspects; (iii) Training and developing an employee so that he is able to perform a given task according to established procedures; (iv) Giving monetary incentives to ensure that employees perform a task accordingly; and (v) Reassigning all responsibilities pertaining to planning and organising to the manager. Taylor was not alone in this research. Henry Gantt (1861-1919), a friend of Taylor, focused on the control system in the scheduling of production. The Gantt Chart is still used today in planning the schedule of a project and has also been adapted in computerised-scheduling applications. The husband and wife team of Frank (1868-1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972), also strived to further expand the scientific management approach. Lillian was a pioneer in the field of industrial psychology and contributed greatly to human resource management. She believed that if scientific management was widely utilised, the abilities of each employee would grow considerably. (b) Bureaucratic Management Bureaucratic management is an approach to management that is based on guidelines, hierarchy, clear division of labour as well as rules and procedures. Max Weber (1864-1920), a German social theorist, introduced many bureaucratic concepts. Among the components of bureaucracy are: (i) Authority and clearly defined responsibilities; (ii) Positions in an organisation that are structured according to hierarchy; (iii) Promotions based on qualifications; (iv) Records of all administrative actions and decisions to ensure continuity of organisational rules; (v) Separation of ownership and management; and (vi) Guidelines implemented to all employees without bias. The bureaucratic approach strives to increase efficiency and ensure continuity of overall operations of the organisation. This approach differs from scientific management, which only focuses on the employee as an individual. Nevertheless, this principle, used to improve efficiency, also may cause inefficiency. Rigid guidelines create red tape and slow down the decision-making process, resulting in the inability to change swiftly to adapt to the needs of the environment and, at times, create conflicts in performing a task professionally. (c) Administrative Management The administrative management principle focuses on the organisation as a whole. Among the contributors to this approach are Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard. Henri Fayol (1841-1925), a Frenchman, is considered the pioneer of administrative theory as he introduced the organisational principles and administrative functions. His most relevant contribution was presenting the definition and roles of an administrator. Fayol defined administration and management as planning, organising, directing, coordinating and controlling. He identified 14 principles of management: Division of labour: This is a concept on specialisation of work, based on the assumptions that: No one can do all the work; Each job requires different skills; and Repetition of work will increase efficiency. Authority: The right to give directions and power to be complied with. Here, authority at the office has to be differentiated from personal authority. Discipline: Based on respect and conformity. Unity of command: An employee should receive instructions from one superior only. Unity of direction: One superior and one direction for a particular activity with the same objective. Subordination of individual interests to the general interests: Personal interest should not exceed or precede over common interest. Remuneration: Salary payment based on various factors. Centralisation: The centralisation of work depends on th

Olivia Shaw Essay -- English Literature

Plot and Sub-Plot A Streetcar Named Desire ======================== The main plot in A Streetcar Named Desire is all based around the character Blanche DuBois and the never-ending downfall of her life. The play opens with Blanche arriving in New Orleans where she has come to find and stay with her sister Stella. Stella lives in an apartment with her controlling husband Stanley, when Blanche sees the apartment which she stays she cannot believe her sister lives in such a place. Blanche and Stella greet each with passion but before long Blanche becomes irritable. Blanche has bad news and tells Stella she has lost they’re old home ‘Belle Reve’ Blanche says to Stella it’s her fault and her leaving was the reason they lost their home. This gets Stella upset so she goes to the bathroom. While she is there Stanley comes home, he gives Blanche a frank stare and they have an awkward conversation, we find out Blanche had a husband who died when they were both very young. Stanley is common and rough compared to Blanche who is delicate. Stanley is a very sexual man and sex is part of what makes him tick. His appraisal of women is frank and straightforward. It becomes obvious that the sexual bond between Stanley and Stella is intense, and that this is what keeps their relationship going. Stella tells Stanley about the loss of ‘Belle Reve’ and Stanley thinks Blanche has profited from this and goes through her things. When Stanley routes through the letters her husband had written this makes Blanche angry and also brings back memories of her past. That night Stanley has his friends round for a poker game and this is where Blanche first meets Mitch they talk about things they have in common and she tells him she is ... ...l ingredients to a play. ‘A play should be about one character’, in A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee used Blanche, the tragic heroin the protagonist he based his play around Blanches character. ‘A play should be set in one place’ Tennessee used New Orleans, with the play begin set in one place this increased the tension, be more intense so more confrontations would occur if there was no where else to escape to. For Blanche’s character New Orleans becomes a trap. Aristotle also said ‘A play should be set over a 24hr period’ Tennessee didn’t use this ingredient in his play because we needed time for Stella’s pregnancy to develop and cause more conflict. We needed to see Blanche and Mitch’s relationship develop and unfold. Also Blanches mental state needed time to deteriorate so we wouldn’t feel so shocked when she was taken away by the nurse and doctor.

Heritage Project Essay

To me heritage is something that should be of vital of importance, something that has played a part in history and contributed to why I am where I am today. For heritage to be important to me, it must have had an impact on the lives of my ancestors and the choices they made as well as the things which they fought to uphold. Heritage defines who we are, with the different types of foods, buildings and ways of life between the different cultures that bring us together. The stories and memories passed on from generation to generation, bringing us together and giving us a sense of direction. It is the foundation that we are built upon and allows us to lay new grounds for the future. Debate around the public representation of Juma Masjid. Juma Masjid represents the Muslim community, being one of the most glamorous and extravagant mosques in the country people tend to take it for granted and not take into account its unique architecture and design. With the Muslim population annually increasing, space is not a problem as Juma Masjid is the most spacious Mosque in the southern hemisphere. It represents the Muslim community as it is greeted with great numbers of Muslims on the days of Eid as well as a number of tourists who make the trip into town to marvel at its beauty. Although Indian and Muslim people always having a strong bond and togetherness, they aren’t allowed into the Masjid. This is for any non- Muslim for that matter. In Islam, which has strict rules that one has to abide by and comply too. When you are a Muslim, you believe in the One and Only Allah, all other heritage and cultures are of no effect and are said to be false. There is no place for other religions in Islam, a Muslim should not become derailed from Islam and weaken his faith by giving into the western temptations and ways of life. Juma Masjid has never caused uproar or been part of anything controversial regarding its structure. Muslim people should be grateful as South African is a very understanding and accommodating place, with the government allowing Minarets to be built on Mosques. Muslims in Switzerland aren’t so lucky however, as existing Minarets stand and new ones cannot be built, the Muslim people came out saying that instead of trying to make life hard for them and drive them out of the country the Swiss government should rather ‘integrate rather than exclude†. Throughout history people have been oppressed upon, some more than others of course. Because of this people would always remember the past and the way that they were treated and try to turn the oppression around. Our divided past still has an impact on the lives we live today, with sport for instance. White people are highly regarded as cricket and rugby players while Black African people are associated with Soccer and form most part of the support system in the sport locally. We should ask ourselves, how do we sort this out? One should remember that common interests bring people together, so instead of carrying on with the old bring in the new and expose people to different environments, taking them out their comfort zones and creating a better future for our country moving forward. As much as we can say that apartheid is over, there is still the lingering after effects of stereotypes and racism in different aspects of life. Therefore, we cannot just forget about it and move on, we should learn from it and educate about it, so it does not deter this country again. The Juma Masjid. The first bit of history surrounding Juma Masjid may be only from the early 1880’s but for Islam, it was introduced a lot earlier in South Africa, most people believe it to be brought into the country in around 1667 by the Cape Malays. It wasn’t until 1863 though when Aboobaker Amod Jhaveri and Hajee Mahomed Hajee Dada arrived in Durban did Islam really take off and open up to them; the people at the time. It is accepted that they were aboard the SS Truro, one of the passenger liners that brought down labourers from India and other areas. Aboobaker Amod Jhaveri together with Hajee Mahomed Hajee Dada then purchased a plot of land in 1881 from K. Moonsamy for a sum of ? 115 with the intention of building a Masjid for the Muslim people of the Durban area. There was not much of a structure on the site, but none the less they turned this small piece into what would become the largest and most visited Masjid in the southern hemisphere in the century to come. This however still wasn’t the Masjid to be; rather it was a Jamaat Khana. A Jamaat Khana is simple structure in which people could go into and perform their daily prayers. A Jamaat Khana is not even nearly big enough to accommodate the number of Musallees that a Masjid can. A Masjid is much more elaborate in terms of the architecture and minarets, domes and craftsmanship’s. It wasn’t until 1884 when the two founders had the structure rebuilt to make room for the ever growing numbers of Muslim people in the area. This was now the first Masjid ever to be built in the Natal region. This Masjid could now capacitate up to 200 Muslims. Aboobaker being a businessman and knowing the trade, went ahead and purchased land surrounding the Mosque. This proved a smart and important buy as in the following years he would pass away in India from cholera while on a business. This land that had been bought paid dividend as it was used to expand the Masjid even more. As the last surviving trustee and care taker of the Masjid, Hajee Mahomed had to take action as again space for worshippers was becoming an issue because of the influence of Aboobaker’s business transactions and dealings. It is said that he was an honest and fair man, who attracted many non-Muslims to the path of Islam by the way he went about with his dealings and mannerisms. Hajee Mahomed then acquired more land from John Stanger for a sum of ? 300 in 1889 for the Masjid to expand a little more and comfort the Muslims from. Then in 1893 the British Empire abolished slavery and the Indian population wasting no time formed the Natal Indian Congress. With the freedom now granted to people, the first minaret was built on the extensions of the Masjid; this caused a chain reaction as in the same year two shops were built alongside the Masjid providing some money for the caretaking and maintenance of the Masjid. Then in 1905 during the time in which the Masjid was in full flow, the second minaret was built together with a number of rooms, it also facilitated visitors and travellers by establishing toilets and showers for the people at the back of the Masjid. A living area was also built for the Muazzin; the Muazzin is someone who gives the call to prayer for Muslims all around, the call for prayer is called the Azaan. With the Muazzin now in place, it was about time a group of trustees took control of the Masjid and in 1916; which proved a rather important and significant time in this Masjids history. A board of trustees were elected; they included. Hajee Mahomed Dada, Moosa Hajee Cassim, Abdoola Hajee Cassim, Omar Amod, Joosab Jan Mahomed Tayob Hajee Khan Mahomed. These Muslim men made up the first batch that took the realms and pressure off Hajee Mahomed as they worked with him on continuously allowing this Masjid to flourish. These two minarets were the tallest structures in the area of Durban at the time. In 1927 it was decided that it was time to expand and rebuild Juma Masjid, this contract was given to Payne and Payne architectures. A great part of the Masjid was demolished as the second minaret was brought down as construction was completed in 1928; it was also planned that the minaret would be rebuilt. Many parts and mediums of the Masjid changed then after but the greatest and most significant took place 15 years later when the Masjid went under construction again. This time in 1943, the entire building rather than just part of it that was demolished; everything was brought to the ground except the first minaret. Everything else was rebuilt with the exception of the first minaret as the rest of the Masjid was built and fitted into the Masjid. Juma Masjid is not only a place of worship but also a place of education and learning for people. A school for young Muslim girls was also established in 1957, this school has a roll of approximately 400 learners and 300 Madressah students. A Madressah is an institute put in place for children to learn about their religion of Islam and become law abiding citizens, teaching their students morals, values and etiquette. Being in the heart of the bustling Durban central it is convenient for people working in the area. Established as a girl’s school it is now a co-ed school. The Masjid itself is very beautiful Juma Masjid is of major importance in the Muslim community of Durban, as it is occupied daily by hundreds of Muslim men who attend prayers daily. On Fridays in particular, Grey Street will always be busier than usual as all roads lead to Juma Masjid. Friday is the day of most important after Eid prayers in a Muslims life. Thousands of Muslim men close their shops, leave work early and make their way to Juma Masjid in prayer. Women at home prepare lunch as they get ready for their prayers as well. Two other days are also busier than usual; the days of Eid. As thousands of Muslims take the day off from work as everything apart from religion comes to a stop. Everyone in the household is awake early as they ready themselves for the day that lies ahead. Muslim men all flock to Eid Prayers early in the morning as there are large gatherings all around the city. The day is then spent with family, great functions are held as people come together to celebrate this auspicious day of Eid. Juma Masjid has a distinct Islamic architecture style to, with its golden minaret which glistens in the rays of the sun many people often forget it’s majestic and eye popping beauty. I for one am yet to come across a Masjid that has shops, offices, a school and still a beautifully designed Masjid; all in one structure. When you enter this Masjid you are greeted with an archway, which is just underneath one of the golden minarets. Leaving your shoes outside your feet are met by the soft and warm red cushioning carpet as they sink into the carpeted floor as you enter this century old marvel. Once inside, it is realised Juma Masjid is amazing inside as well, built in a baronial style. Juma Masjid is truly something to be admired. With a Corinthian type walls on each of its high rise levels. Being Muslim I have visited many different Masjids around the country but not once have I ever come across another Masjid that has a pond in its Wudhu area. Wudhu being commonly known as ablution, simply cleansing oneself of impurities and keeping yourself clean and respectable as you prepare to stand before Allah in prayer. With the Wudhu area being a square with ablution stations all around it, all comes together with a pond in the middle and topping it off fish swimming inside is just the wonders of this spiritual sanctuary.

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Americanization

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Americanization In linguistics, Americanization is the influence of the distinctive lexical and grammatical forms of American English on other varieties of the English language. Also called linguistic Americanization. As Leech and Smith* observe below, If the term Americanization is taken to imply direct influence of AmE on BrE, it should be treated with caution (2009).See Examples and Observations below. Examples and Observations Globalization in the current era is associated, for better or for worse, with Americanization. This is particularly true of its cultural dimension. For it is the United States, as the worlds hyper-power, that has the economic, military, and political power to projects its culture and values globally. Yet, as many commentators have noted, Americans appear parochial and unworldly, hardly the cosmopolitan sophisticates needed to proffer a truly global vision.The ambiguity of the United States representing globality is perhaps no more apparent than in the projection of its language globally. On the one hand, Americans are particularly notorious for their linguistic insularity, rarely exhibiting the foreign language proficiency so common elsewhere in the world. Yet, as well known, the American language, English, is a global import, inherited from an earlier global power, England. Hence American ownership of global English is more tenuous than its ownership of other global cultural icons, such as McDonalds or Disney.(Selma K. Sonntag, The Local Politics of Global English: Case Studies in Linguistic Globalization. Lexington Books, 2003) Grammatical and Lexical ChangesThe evidence provided by the Brown family of corporaespecially the comparison between the British corpora (1961, 1991) and the American corpora (1961, 1992)often shows AmE to be in the lead or to show a more extreme tendency, and BrE to be following in its wake. Thus, must, in our data, has declined more in AmE than in BrE, and has become much rarer than have to and (have) got to in AmE conversational speech. Users of British English are familiar with lexical changes due to American influence, such as increasing use of movie(s) and guy(s), but grammatical changes from the same source are less noticeable. . . . [A] finding that AmE is ahead of BrE in a given frequency change does not necessarily imply direct transatlantic influenceit could simply be an ongoing change in both varieties where AmE is more advanced. If the term Americanization is taken to imply direct influence of AmE on BrE, it should be treated with caution.(*Geoffrey Leech and Nicholas Sm ith, Change and Constancy in Linguistic Change: How Grammatical Usage in Written English Evolved in the Period 1931-1991. Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments, ed. by Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Rodopi, 2009) Be going to[B]e going to was more than twice as frequent in the American corpus as in the Australian or British corpora, suggesting that Americanization may be a factor in its growing popularity. That colloquialization may be another relevant factor is suggested by the finding that be going to is greatly preferred in speech over writing (by a ratio of 9.9:1), further confirmation for the applicability of this suggestion to AmE and BrE being provided by Leechs (2003) finding that between 1961 and 1991/2 be going to enjoyed a strong increase in popularity in American writing (51.6%) and in British writing (18.5%).(Peter Collins, The English Modals and Semi-Modals: Regional and Stylistic Variation. The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation: Corpus Evidence on English Past and Present, ed. by Terttu Nevalainen. John Benjamins, 2008)The Americanization of EuropeBecause of the advent of linguistic Americanization, . . . one can no longer claim that Europes lingua franca is unequivocally a Briti sh commodity. English is emerging in Europe, not only as a universal language, but also as a potential norm-generating variety. . . .Basically, what we have is a traditional basis for ELT [English Language Teaching], one centered in BrE, on the teacher as model, on British and American social studies, and on the goal of mimicking the idealized native speaker, evolving into a platform for ELT which constitutes a radical departure from such beliefs and practices. Instead, linguistic Americanization, the mixing of BrE and AmE which suggests a kind of mid-Atlantic accent and a rich blend of lexical usage, the idea of a variety of Euro-English, the use of postcolonial texts in cultural studies modules, and the desire to develop cross-cultural communicative skills, is on the upswing, while BrE, prescriptivism, and traditionalist positioning are declining.(Marko Modiano, EIL, Native-Speakerism and the Failure of European ELT. English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogic al Issues, ed. by Farzad Sharifian. Multilingual Matters, 2009) Yiddish and American English: A Two-Way ProcessThroughout Yekl [1896] and his early stories, [Abraham] Cahan translates the Yiddish of characters into correct (albeit ornate) English while leaving incorporated English words in their misspelled, italicized forms: feller (fellow), for example, or preticly (perhaps particular). Speech thus represents the cultural intermixture arising from contact between the immigrant and American society, an intermixture captured in remarkably hybrid sentencesDont you always say you like to dansh with me becush I am a good dansher? (Yekl, 41)and even in individual words like oyshgreen: A verb coined from the Yiddish oys, out, and the English green, and signifying to cease being green (95n).This narrative technique also represents a reversal of perspective, whereby English becomes the contaminating element within another language. The Americanization of Yiddish is given from a Yiddish perspective. English words are thrown backrulesh (rules), deshepoitn (disappoint), saresfied (satisfied)transformed and defamiliarized by their inclusion in another linguistic system. Just as Yiddish becomes Americanized in Yekl, American English becomes Yiddishized: transformative linguistic contact is shown as a two-way process.(Gavin Roger Jones, Strange Talk: The Politics of Dialect Literature in Gilded Age America. University of California Press, 1999) Alternate Spellings: Americanisation